SOVEREIGN ROYAL HOUSE OF SAUDI ARABIA & ISLAMIC EMPIRE !!!
- TWLF IGO WORLD HQ IRELAND
- Oct 31, 2022
- 48 min read
Updated: Jan 11
*ALI (R.A.) Family Crest / ALI Coat of Arms :
This Arabic name of ALI was a baptismal name 'the son of ALI' meaning 'high, exalted'. The name was taken into Sicily by the Saracen's in the 9th century. Notable members of the name include ALI (who died in the year 661) who was the cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.) PBUH and fourth caliph. He converted to Islam while still a boy, and later married the prophet's daughter Fatima. He withdrew, or was excluded from government during the caliphates of Abu-Bakr and Umar, and disagreed with Uthman in the interpretation of the Qu'ran and application of the law. He was elected caliph, but encountered considerable opposition, led by the governor of Syria, the beginning of a major division with Islam which has persisted to the present day. He was murdered in the mosque at Kufa, his capital, by a member of a third Muslim party, the Kharijites. The eagle depicted in the crest is emblematical of fortitude and magnanimity of mind. The Romans used the figure of an eagle for their ensign, and their example has been often followed. It is the device of Russia, Austria, Germany and the United States of America.
*SOURCE OF INFORMATION : https://www.4crests.com/ali-coat-of-arms.html ;
*CALIPH ALI (R.A.) WAS ANCESTOR OF KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR) .
*ABOUT CALIPH ALI (R.A.) :
*PEARLS OF WISDOM BY CALIPH ALI (R.A.) :
~ KING OF KINGS (THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR) FROM THE BLOODLINE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD SAW PBUH AND HIS GRANDSON~ IMAM HOSSAIN (R.A.) ; AND IMAM HOSSAIN (R.A.) WAS ALSO SON OF CALIPH ALI (R.A.) WHO WAS ALSO PAST RULER OF ARAB NATIONS AND ISLAMIC EMPIRE.
*FOR MORE DETAILS ABOUT FAMILY TREE OF KING OF KINGS VISIT THE SHARED WEBLINK BELOW :
*PROOF FROM BANGLADESH GOVT DEPARTMENT THAT THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR'S (KING OF KINGS) FATHER ALSO REPRESENTS BOTH ~ HOSSAIN DYNASTY & CHOWDHURY DYNASTY AS HIS MIDDLE NAME AND SUR NAME :
*PROPHETIC ANCESTRAL LINEAGE OF KING OF KINGS (THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR) :
*KINGDOM OF HIZAZ (K.S.A.) :
'' KINGDOM OF HIZAZ '' ~IS PART OF K.S.A (KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA) WHERE EMPERORS ANCESTORS IMAM HOSSAIN (R.A.) & HIS FATHER CALIPH ALI (R.A.) AND GRANDFATHER OF IMAM HOSSAIN (R.A.)~ PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) PBUH WERE BORN.
*ISLAMIC TWO HOLY CITY ~ MECCA AND MADINA IS PART OF HIZAZ .
HOWEVER HIS ANCESTORS RULED OVER ENTIRE ISLAMIC EMPIRE THAT INCLUDES ALL ARAB NATIONS AND ISLAMIC COUNTRIES . SO THE EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) DECIDED TO KEEP HIS ISLAMIC EMPIRES ARAB BASE MAINLY BASED IN ~ '' KINGDOM OF HIZAZ ''.
THIS PARTICULAR ROYAL ADMINISTRATION WILL REPRESENT SOVEREIGN ROYAL ADMINISTRATION KING OF HIZAZ (KING OF KINGS) & ENTIRE ISLAMIC EMPIRE .
KING OF KINGS AND HIS ROYAL TEAMS WILL MAKE SURE THIS ROYAL ADMINISTRATION FULLY ACTIVE FOR MAINLY ALL ARAB NATIONS AND ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AS A PART OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS TO BRING BACK MORAL ISLAMIC STANDARDS WITHIN ALL ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AND ALSO FOR ALL MUSLIMS COLLECTIVELY WORLDWIDE .
*CURRENT SAUDI ARABIA WAS PREVIOUSLY KINGDOM OF HEJAJ AND NEJD .
*MORE DETAILS HERE :
*MORE ABOUT KINGDOM OF HEJAZ :
*OTHER COAT OF ARMS OF KINGDOM OF HEJAZ :
In 1932, the two kingdoms (HEJAZ AND NEZD) were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
*MORE ABOUT K.S.A (KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA) :
AFTER THE ANCESTOR OF KING OF KINGS (THE EMEPEROR) , PROPHET HAZRAT MOHAMMAD SAW PBUH IN ORDER TO SPREAD HIS DIVINE TEACHINGS AND ALSO TO ENSURE MESSAGE OF GOD REACHES DIFFERENT PART OF THE WORLD THE KHILAFAT / CALIPHATE / ISLAMIC RULERSHIP STARTED FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES UNDER MOST CREDIBLE ''Amir al-Mu'minin '' WHICH LITERARY MEANS LEADER OF BELIEVERS OR COMMANDER OF THE FAITHFUL . THIS TYPE OF DIVINE GOVERNANCE WAS TIMELY AND IT HAS HELPED NATIONS TO BRING SOCIAL ORDER UNDER DIVINE OATH AND DIVINE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ALL OTHER FOLLOWERS AND SUPPORTERS OF THE HOLY PROPHET THOSE WHO BELIEVED IN HIS LEADERSHIP, FAMILY MEMBERS AND THE CORE DIVINE IDEOLOGIES THAT BROUGHT PEACE, SOCIAL JUSTICE & SECURITY FOR ALL AGE GROUPS DURING TIME OF HOLY PROPHET AND ALSO DURING TIME OF CALIPHS IN DIFFERENT TIMES WITHIN ISLAMIC EMPIRE .
*ABOUT AMIR AL MU'MININ :
*ABOUT CALIPHATE :
*UNDER THE DIVINE LEADERSHIPS OR CALIPHS ISLAMIC EMPIRE WAS INITIALLY ESTABLISHED BY THE ANCESTORS OF KING OF KINGS.
*ENGLISH DEFINITION OF CALIPH : ~
caliph /ˈkeɪlɪf,ˈkalɪf/ Learn to pronounce
nounHISTORICAL
The Chief Muslim Civil and Religious Ruler, regarded as The Successor of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) . The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk.
*MEANING OF KHALIFA / CALIPH :
*CALIPH ALSO MEANS REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD (ALLAH) ON EARTH.
*WHAT IS A CALIPH ?
The leader of a caliphate is called the caliph, meaning deputy or representative. All caliphs are believed to be the successor to Prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was not a caliph; according to the Quran he was the last and greatest of the prophets. That means no one can replace Muhammad as the messenger of God (ALLAH) .
*PRIMARY HISTORICAL INFO ABOUT ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRE '' :
Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).
THE ROYAL HOUSE OF THE EMPERORS ROYAL ADMINISTRATION OF HIZAZ, SAUDI ARABIA ~ REPRESNTING ROYAL HOUSE OF LAST CALIPH OF ISLAM HIS ANCESTOR MAINLY CALIPH HAZRAT ALI (R.A.) AND ALSO ALL PAST RELATIVES THOSE WHO WERE ALSO CALIPH AFTER PROPHET MOHAMMAD SAW PBUH .
*ABOUT CALIPHATE OF ALI (R.A.) :
*ABOUT CALIPH ALI (R.A.) :
A GREAT HISTORICAL BOOK WAS WRITTEN ABOUT THE ANCESTOR OF KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR)WHICH HAS BEEN SHARED BELOW THAT CONTAINS DETAILS INFORMATION ABOUT HIS ENTIRE LIFE HISTORICAL INFORMATIONS AND ABOUT HIS RULING PERIOD & GREATNESS AND GLORIOUS TIME OF PAST ISLAMIC EMPIRE.
*ABOUT LIFE OF CALIPH ALI (R.A.) :
*ABOUT ISLAMIC EMPIRE GOVT :
*MUSLIM HERALDRY :
*LIST OF CALIPHS :
*OTHER ADOPTED COAT OF ARMS FOR~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE :
~ THE ADOPTED COAT OF ARMS WAS ~ COAT OF ARMS OF ~''THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT'' BEFORE ADOPTED BY ROYAL DECREE ON 10TH DECEMBER 1923 AND LATER ON WAS REPLACED BY THE REPUBLICAN EAGLE.
SO EMPEROR OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE DECIDED TO MAKE A BETTER USE OF THIS EMBLEM FROM NOW FOR ISLAMIC EMPIRE FROM 2022.
ANCESTORS OF KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR ) RULED OVER ARAB NATIONS ALSO APART FROM ISLAMIC COUNTRIES. SO EMPEROR DECIDED TO ADOPT THIS PARTICULAR COAT OF ARMS AS ONE OF THE COAT OF ARMS OF ~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE !!!
*ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL INFORMATION REGARDING HOW ~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE EXPANDED AND WAS WELL ESTABLISHED IN MANY COUNTRIES BY ~ (PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMADS (SAW) PBUH & HIS OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS) WHO WERE ANCESTORS OF
KING OF KINGS / THE EMPEROR.
*PLEASE FIND BELOW LIST OF CALIPHS / SPIRITUAL LEADERS / SULTANS (MUSLIM RULERS) THOSE WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE AND THAT'S HOW WE SEE MANY ISLAMIC COUNTRIES OR COUNTRIES WITH MUSLIM MAJORITIES OR EXPANSION OF ISLAMIC COMMUNITIES IN DIFFERENT CONTINENTS.
*THE NAME AND FURTHER INFO OF ALL REMARKABLE PAST CALIPHS ARE AS FOLLOWS :
*HOWEVER 4 CALIPH 2 RIGHT AFTER PROPHET MOHAMMED SAW PBUH THOSE WHO WERE FIRST 4 CALIPH OF ISLAM WERE MOST REMARKABLE AND THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS ~ Khulafa-e-Rashideen – The Rightly Guided Successors / The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ ) THOSE WHO ACTUALLY ESTABLISHED THE MAJOR FOUNDATION OR PROPER EMPIRE OF ISLAM (ISLAMIC EMPIRE THAT INCLUDED MANY NATIONS).
*FOR MORE INFO ABOUT~ '' RASHIDUN CALIPHATE'' ~ VISIT THE SHARED WEBLINK BELOW :
*WIKIPEDIA INFO OF 4 MAIN WELL KNOWN CALIPHS OF ~ RASHIDUN CALIPHATE :
*ISLAMIC EMPIRE (MAINLY ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES WITH MUSLIM MAJORITIES) WAS DEVELOPED UNDER THE NAME OF 4 KHILAFAT / CALIPHATE DURING THE TIME OF KHULAFA-E-RASHIDEEN / RASHIDUN CALIPHATE :
*Main Caliphates :
Ottoman Caliphate
*CHECK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT RASHIDUN CALIPHATE :
*The Four Khulafa of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, are known as the Khulafa-e-Rashideen, or the rightly guided successors. The following article is a brief account of the lives and achievements of those Khulafa, may Allah be pleased with them.
1) Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq :
Abu Bakr Siddiq (R.A.), popularly known as Abu Bakr, is the first Caliph after the Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.). His full name is Abdullah bin Abu Quhafah Uthman bin Aamer Al Qurashi Al Taymi.
The personal name of Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, was Abdullah, but in respect of his fatherhood he was known as Abu Bakr. His father was known as Abu Qahaafah and his mother as Ummul-Khair Salma. His lineage can be traced back to the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in the sixth generation before him.
He was born to a subtribe of Quraish, in 572 AD in Mecca and was raised there. When he came of age, he became a cloth merchant. He was a close friend of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He was the first among men to confirm truth of the claim of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and thus he earned the title Siddeeq. Throughout his life, he remained fully devoted to the service of Islam.
He held fast to the company of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and remained by his side whether it was peace or war. The Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, sought his wise counsel in almost every matter when advice was needed. He was in the company of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, during his migratory journey (Hijra) from Mecca to Medina. He was the only companion of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in the Cave Thaur, where they both took refuge during this journey. The Holy Quran mentions this in chapter 9 verse 40 (Al-Taubah).
He always tried to surpass others in financial sacrifices. Once, for the Battle of Mauta, the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, was in urgent need of financial contribution. Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, presented half of all his belongings, while Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, brought all that he had in his house, to the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him.
The Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, married his daughter, Hazrat Ayesha, may Allah be pleased with her. Also, following the Hajjatul-Widaa or the Last Pilgrimage, when the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, fell ill seriously, he instructed Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, to lead the daily prayers. He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had given the glad tidings that they had been rewarded the Paradise.
After the sad demise of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, was elected as the first Khalifa. He had to deal with an extremely difficult situation developed due to the sudden demise of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him.
The first problem was that some of the tribes renounced Islam, simply because their tribal chiefs did not feel necessary to remain loyal to the successor of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Not only that but they started preparing to attack Medina to end the newly established institution of Khilafat. Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, after knowing their intentions, sent troops and succeeded in suppressing their rebellion.
The second major problem faced by Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, was that many people refused to pay the Zakat, which was essential for fulfilling the needs of the Islamic state and care for the poor. Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, vowed to collect Zakat from everyone and took all necessary measures to achieve this goal.
The most dangerous of all the problems was that a number of ambitious persons pretending to be prophets, started planning a rebellion against the Islamic state. Masailma and Aswad Ansi, raised large armies and captured some of the Muslim territory. Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, was prompt to fight back these rebellious false prophets. Despite meager resources, Allah granted him victory against the mischief mongers.
After successfully dealing with the internal disorders, Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, turned to the external enemies threatening the security of the Islamic state. The Muslim army, under the command of Khalid Bin Waleed, may Allah be pleased with him, crushed a rebellion in Bahrain. Then the Persians was defeated, who had supported the rebels of Bahrain. The Muslim army also defeated the Roman army in the battles of Ajnadan and Yarmuk, and thus the whole of Syria fell under the control of the Islamic state.
Another great achievement of his Khilafat was the collection of the Holy Quran at one place. Although the writing and arrangement of the Holy Quran was done under the supervision of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, himself, yet it was written on various pieces of skin, leaves and slate. Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, collected all these pieces of writings in one place, and re-organized the Hufaaz, or those who committed it to memory, in a systematic way, for the preservation of the Quran.
Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, passed away on August 23, 634 AD, after remaining ill for fifteen days. He remained Khalifa for a little over two years. During his Khilafat, Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, successfully secured the integrity of the Islamic state against all the internal disorders and the external enemies. Also, he successfully united the Muslims under the system of Khilafat.
Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, loved the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, so dearly that even after the demise of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, Hazrat Abu Bakr took extreme care to carry out his wishes. During the last days of his life, the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had raised an army to be sent against the Romans who had made some incursions into the Northern borders. This army was still in Medina when the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, passed away. As Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, became the Khalifah, the law and order situation within and outside Medina became very delicate. In view of this grave danger, many Companions of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, advised him not to send the army against the Romans. But Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, replied forcefully, “What authority has the Son of Abu Qahaafa, to stop that which was started by the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him.”
2) Hazrat Umar Farooq :
His personal name was Umar, Farooq was his title, and Ibn-ul-Khattaab, his family name. He was born in 581 AD in Mecca, and belonged to a noble family of the Quraish. He was a renowned businessman and used to lead trade delegations to Syria and Iraq.
When the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, announced his claim to prophethood, he became a fierce opponent of Islam. So much so, that one day he took up his sword and left his house with the intention to kill the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. On his way, someone told him to first deal with his own sister and brother-in-law, who had already accepted Islam. He went straight to them and knocked at their door, he could hear the Holy Quran being recited in the house. This made him furious and he started beating his brother-in-law, and wounded hi sister who tried to protect her husband. His wounded sister said in a resolute voice, “Umar! You may beat us as much as you like, but we are not going to give up our faith.” This made him calm down, and he asked them to recite a portion of the Holy Quran for him. He was so moved by the Quranic verses that his eyes filled with tears. He went straight to the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and accepted Islam at his hands. As he was a strong, fearless and influential man of Mecca, he proved to be a source of strength for the Muslims. This miraculous change in Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was in fact the result of the Holy Prophet’s prayers for him.
Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, sacrificed his wealth and dedicated his life for the cause of Islam. He was an intelligent and God-fearing person. He participated in almost all the battles along with the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who used to consult him in many important matters. He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had given the glad tidings that they had been rewarded the Paradise.
Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab was the second successor of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. During the ten years of his Khilafat, the Islamic state expanded and progressed extensively. Peace and prosperity prevailed everywhere in the state.
During the period of his Khilafat, the Muslims had to fight a number of battles against Iran, Iraq, Syria and Egypt. As a result of this, vast areas of these countries came under the Muslim rule. When the city of Jerusalem in Palestine was conquered by the Muslims in 17 Hijri, Hazrat Umar himself visited the city on the request of the Romans, and signed a treaty between the Muslims and the people of Jerusalem.
Apart from the conquest of vast areas, Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, paid full attention to the welfare of his people. He was able to establish a splendid system of administration for the Islamic state and his Khilafat marked a golden period in the history of Islam. Some of his main achievements in this field are:
Establishment of Majlis Shura, a consultative body of advisors to the Khalifa.
Division of the whole Islamic state into provinces to faciliate administration.
Establishment of a finance department, and building of schools and mosques in different parts of the state.
Introduction of Islamic Calendar of Hijra.
Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, may Allah be pleased with him, was a pious, kind and farsighted man. He possessed the fine qualities of bravery, honesty and simplicity. He was so anxious about the welfare of his people that he used to go around in disguise, in the city of Medina at night, to see for himself if anyone was in need of help. Once, during his patrol at night, he observed a woman cooking something in a pot while her children were crying around her. He found out from the woman that her children were hungry for two days and the pot was put on fire just to console them. Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, immediately went to the treasury, and himself brought all the necessary food items to the woman. On his way, one of his servants offered to carry the load but he stopped him saying: “On the Day of Judgment you will not carry my load.” The woman, who had not seen Hazrat Umar before, was so pleased that she prayed aloud for him saying, “May Allah make you the Khalifa in place of Umar.” On hearing this, Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, started crying and without saying a word left the place.
In the year 644 AD, Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was stabbed by a Persian slave, while he was offering his prayers in the mosque. This proved fatal and he passed away at the age of sixty-three. He was a truly great Khalifa whose period of Khilafat was undoubtedly a golden period in the history of Islam.
3) Hazrat Uthman Ghani :
Hazrat Uthman Ghani, may Allah be pleased with him, was elected the third Khalifa by the council appointed by Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, shortly before his death. He belonged to the well known family, Banu Umayya of the Quraish. His lineage can be traced back to the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in the fifth generation before him. His generosity for the poor was so well known that he earned the title Ghani.
Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, embraced Islam through the preaching of his close friend, Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him. He was the fourth person to embrace Islam, but he faced much hardships as his uncle started persecuting him. He migrated twice, first to Abyssinia and then to Medina.
The Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, held him in great esteem, and married his daughter, Ruqayyah to him. On her death, he married his second daughter, Umme Kulthoom to him. Thus Hazrat Uthman was called Zun-Noorain, meaning the one with two lights.
He spent a lot of his wealth for the cause of Islam. Once, he purchased an expensive well of good quality drinking water from a Jew for the benefit of the Muslims. To meet the expenses of the battle of Tabook, he offered 10,000 dinars, 1,000 camels and seventy horses loaded with necessary goods. He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had given the glad tidings that they had been rewarded the Paradise.
During the Khalifat of Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, the Islamic Empire expanded still further. A rebellion in Iran was crushed. In the north, the Romans were once again defeated by the Muslim forces led by Hazrat Ameer Muawiah. Then the Romans came by the sea to invade Egypt, but were once again repelled by the Muslim forces. As a result of these battles, the whole of Iran, Asia Minor and Egypt came under the Muslim control. It was during his Khilafat that a navy and an Islamic fleet were established.
During the first six years of his Khilafat, the Islamic Empire not only expanded, but also its people enjoyed peace and prosperity. Standard copies of the Holy Quran were prepared from the ones compiled by Hazrat Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, and sent to all the provinces of the state. This was certainly his most important deed. The Holy Quran, as we see it today, was compiled during his Khilafat and under his direct supervision. The last six years of his Khilafat, however, passed in chaos and conflicts due to the conspiracies of certain groups including that of Abdullah Bin Sabah, a Jew who had become a Muslim with an intention to weaken the Islamic state.
As a result of this, some people from various groups started laying unjustified charges against Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, whose sincere explanations seemed to go unheeded. Also, due to his extremely kind and gentle character, these rebellious people increased in their mischief. In this dangerous situation, Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, showed great tolerance and utmost patience to avoid the bloodshed of innocent Muslims.
Towards the end of his Khilafat, various groups who wanted to depose Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, entered Medina. He refused to fight them, as he did not want to shed the blood of fellow Muslims. His house was surrounded by the rebels who demanded that he step down, but Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, refused to step down from the God-given position of Khilafat because of his just and firm belief that a Khalifa was made by God and not by people.
Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, was then martyred on June 17, 656 AD, at the age of eighty-two, while he was reciting the Holy Quran. He certainly sacrificed his life for the integrity of Khilafat and in the best interest of Islam.
4) Hazrat Ali Bin Abi Talib :
Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was the son of the Holy Prophet’s uncle, Abu Talib. He was born in Mecca about twenty years after the birth of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. His father, Abu Talib and mother, Fatima were two persons who took care of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in his early childhood.
When Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was born, the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, himself became his guardian, as his father’s financial position was very weak.
Hazrat Ali stayed in the bed of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, the night when the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, left Mecca for Medina. The Meccan leaders had planned to arrest and kill the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Next morning, they were enraged when they found Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, in the bed, instead of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him.
The Meccan leaders could not get any information from Hazrat Ali about the whereabouts of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in spite of their threatening attitude. Thus all their plans to kill the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, were frustrated.
Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was a brave and skilled warrior. He participated in almost all the battles along with the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He was an intelligent, very learned, and a pious companion of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. The Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, once said, “I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate.” Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was married to Hazrat Fatima, may Allah be pleased with her, who was the favorite daughter of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had given the glad tidings that they had been rewarded the Paradise.
Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was chosen to be the fourth Khalifa on June 23, 656 AD, six days after the death of Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him. In those days, there was no law and order in the city of Medina. Therefore, Hazrat Ali moved the capital from Medina to Kufa in Iraq.
After his election, he faced the popular demand of Muslims including the influential companions of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, like Hazrat Talha, and Hazrat Zubair, may Allah be pleased with them both, to immediately punish the murderers of Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him.
Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, announced that his top priority was to restore law and order in the state, and only then he would be able to bring the assassins of Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, to justice. But Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair did not agree with Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, and started raising an army. Hazrat Ayesha, may Allah be pleased with her, who was not aware of the real situation, also joined Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair, in effort to punish the assassins. The three led a small army towards Basra.
Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, tried his best to avoid the fighting and bloodshed, but all his efforts failed. Unfortunately, a battle took place between his forces and the forces of Hazrat Ayesha, may Allah be pleased with her. Hazrat Talha, may Allah be pleased with him, and Hazrat Zubair, may Allah be pleased with him, left their forces even before the battle, and were killed by some other opponents. Hazrat Ayesha’s forces were defeated, but Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, gave her due respect and took care of her safety.
This battle was called the battle of Jamal (camel), because Hazrat Ayesha rode a camel during the battle. Later, Hazrat Ayesha, may Allah be pleased with her, was regretful throughout her life to have fought against Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him.
After the battle of Jamal, Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, urged Ameer Muawia, who had not yet taken the ba’at of Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, to submit him in the best interest of Islam. But Ameer Muawia refused to submit on the pretext that the blood of Hazrat Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, who also belonged to the family of Umayyah, must be avenged first.
Ameer Muawiah, with the help of Amr Bin Aas, started raising an army. Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, had no alternative but to advance towards Syria to fight Ameer Muawiah. In July, 567 AD, the two armies met in a battle at Saffain.
There were heavy casualties on both sides, but the battle ended in an accord that the matter be decided by an arbitration committee. This consisted of Abu Musa al-Ashari representing Hazrat Ali, and Amr Bin Aas representing Ameer Muawiah. Unfortunately, this arbitration ended in failure because Amr Bin deviated from the decision agreed upon with Abu Musa al-Ashari, may Allah be pleased with him.
A large group of people, who were basically against the proposal of arbitration, separated from Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, and chose an independent Ameer for themselves. This group was called Khawaarij, meaning, `the outsiders.’ At first, Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, tried to persuade them to submit to him, but failed. This led to a fierce battle in which most of the Khawaarij were killed.
After their crushing defeat, the Khawaarij planned to assassinate Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, Hazrat Ameer Muawiah, and Amr Bin Aas. The latter two escaped from the attempts on their lives. Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was fatally wounded by his attacker, while going to the mosque for Fajr prayers. Two days later, this courageous and pious Khalifa passed away. Undoubtedly, Hazrat Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, sacrificed his life for the integrity of Khilafat.
*FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FIRST FOUR CALIPH OF ISLAM VISIT THE SHARED WEBLINK BELOW :
*CALIPHATE ISLAMIC HISTORY :
*RASHIDUN CALIPHS HISTORICAL INFORMATION :
ISLAMIC EMPIRE WAS FOUNDED AND DEVELOPED AND ESTABLISHED DURING PERIOD OF DIFFERENT CALIPHS / SPIRITUAL LEADERS / ISLAMIC RULERS / SULTANS / IMAMS .
DIFFERENT CALIPHS DEVELOPED AND NAMED DIFFERENT EMPIRES FOR EXPANSION OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE JURISDICTION WHILE THEY WERE MAINLY ESTABLISHING ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRE '' DURING THEIR RULING PERIOD. THAT'S HOW MODERN DAYS ISLAMIC COUNTRIES EXPANDED AND ESTABLISHED AND THE CORE TEACHINGS WERE BASED ON FAITH OF ALMIGHTY CREATOR GOD (ALLAH) AND TRUE DIVINE TEACHINGS. THEREFORE
MANY NATIONS FOUND TRUE DIVINE LIGHT IN ISLAM AND ACCEPTED ISLAM AS THE RELIGION OF PEACE AND ULTIMATE TRUTH AND ACCEPTED HOLY QURAN AND ITS TEACHINGS AS THE DIVINE TEACHINGS FROM ALMIGHTY GOD (ALLAH) ON EARTH.
*MAP OF ~ ''ISLAMIC EMPIRE'' ~ DURING TIME OF RASHIDUN CALIPHATE :
*FOR FURTHER DETAILS ABOUT ~ RASHIDUN CALIPHATE (ISLAMIC EMPIRE) MAP WATCH THE SHARED VIDEO LINK BELOW :
*Map of the Rashidun Caliphate : ( FROM ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL RECORD )
*THE RASHIDUN CALIPHATE & HER EXPANSION :
*EXPANSION OF KHILAFAT / CALIPHATE UNDER THE FIRST CALIPH :
*ADDITIONAL ISLAMIC EMPIRE MAP DURING AGE OF CALIPHS :
*KINGDOM OF THE CALIPHS ( JURISDICTION OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE ) :
*OTHER ISLAMIC EMPIRE MAP OF ITS JURISDICTION DURING ABBASID CALIPHATE :
*ABOUT ~ ABBASID CALIPHATE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate ;
*ANOTHER MAP OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE JURISDICTION DURING A CALIPHATE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE :
*ABOUT OTTOMAN EMPIRE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire ;
*ABOUT OTTOMAN CALIPHATE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate ;
*THE ARAB MUSLIM EMPIRE MAP (ANOTHER ISLAMIC EMPIRE MAP OF ITS OLD JURISDICTION) :
*ISLAMIC EMPIRE JURISDICTION MAP DURING UMAYYAD KHILAFAT / CALIPHATE :
*MAP SOURCE INFO : https://rattibha.com/thread/1283321006967459841?lang=ar ;
*MAP OF THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE IN 750 AD WITH CITIES :
*ABOUT UMAYYAD CALIPHATE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate ;
*UMAYYAD DYNASTY HISTORICAL INFORMATION :
*MAP OF ISLAMICEMPIRE JURISDICTION FROM ~ Fatimid Caliphate :
*ABOUT FATIMID EMPIRE :
*ABOUT FATIMID CALIPHATE :
*COINAGE OF THE FIRST CALIPHATE :
*BYZANTINE ~ ARAB WARS (837-838) :
*MUSLIM CONQUEST IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT :
*ABOUT INDIAN SUBCONTINENT :
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'' CONSTANTINOPLE (ISTANBUL, TURKEY) '' ~ IS OUR CENTRAL ASIAN (TURKESTAN) REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE HQ FOR ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRE '' :
*CONSTANTINOPLE (MODERN TIME ISTANBUL, TURKEY) WAS ALSO UNDER BYZANTINE EMPIRE ( DURING PAST ISLAMIC RULE OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE ) :
*Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922).
*Constantinople Is Modern Time Istanbul, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti / Republic Of Turkey .
CONSTANTINOPLE WAS ALWAYS AN IMPORTANT LOCATION OF CENTRAL ASIA.
*THATS WHY CONTANTINOPLE (ISTANBUL, REPUBLIC OF TURKEY) WILL BE OUR ADDITIONAL REGIONAL HQ FOR TURKESTAN (CENTRAL ASIA) .
*FOR MORE INFO ABOUT CONSTANTINOPLE & TURKESTAN & TURKMENISTAN & TURKIC PEOPLE / TURKIC NATIONS VISIT THE SHARED WEBLINKS BELOW :
HISTORY OF ~ '' CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE '' ~ UNDER ~ '' ISLAMIC RULE '' :
*LIST OF TURKESTAN COUNTRIES AND TURKIC NATIONS OR TURKIC PEOPLE :
*Popular Beliefs, Prophecies, Predictions From Different Sources Regarding Capital Of Islamic Empire After Return of Imam Mahdi (Divinely Guided Spiritual Leader Of End Time) :
*THE BIGGEST ISLAMICATE EMPIRES IN HISTORY : (PART OF ISLAMIC EMPIRES JURISDICATION ) :
*WE HOPE TO SEE END OF DIVISIONS AND CONFLICTS AMONG ISLAMIC SECTS AND ALL ISLAMIC COUNTRIES AND MUSLIM COMMUNITIES SOME DAY AND THEN WE CAN BECOME ONE UMMAH UNDER A CALIPHATE / SPIRITUAL DIVINE LEADERSHIP :
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*Islam By Country :
*LIST OF ISLAMIC COUNTRIES OR MUSLIM COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD :
*List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states by exports :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports ;
*Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities :
*Islam's 'Golden Age' - Rise of the Abbasids :
*CALIPHS IN ISLAM :
*HISTORICAL VIDEO ABOUT 1ST CALIPH OF ISLAM ~ Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique RA:
*HISTORICAL VIDEO ABOUT 2ND CALIPH OF ISLAM ~ Umar Ibn Al-Khattab RA:
*HISTORICAL VIDEO ABOUT 3RD CALIPH OF ISLAM ~ Uthman ibn Affan ibn Abi al AS:
*HISTORICAL VIDEO ABOUT 4TH CALIPH OF ISLAM ~ Ali ibn Abi Talib AS:
*Islam and the Caliphates :
*MORE HISTORICAL INFO ABOUT ~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE :
*The Islamic World: 1000 Years in 18 Minutes :
*Islam - Empire of Faith (Full) | PBS Documentary (EN) :
*WE RECENTLY CAME ACROSS THIS BOOK ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRES '' THAT WAS NOT WRITTEN BY US BUT IT DISCUSS ABOUT ISLAMIC EMPIRES :
*OTHER HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF ~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE :
*BATTLE OF YARMOUK :
*HISTORY ABOUT ~ AL-QURAN / Holy Qurʾān (Sacred Text) :
*HISTORY ABOUT ~ HADITH :
*LIFE TIME OF THE 6 HADITH COMPILERS :
*WHAT RASULULLLAH RECITED IN HIS PRAYERS :
*SWORDS COLLECTIONS & WEAPONS FOR SELF-DEFENCE OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE AND AMONG OUR MONARCHY PREFERENCES FOR OUR ROYAL ADMINISTRATION :
*ISLAMIC EMPIRE ~'' ZAKAT SYSTEM''
~ FOR ALL MUSLIMS WORLDWIDE :
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* CURRENT SHORT URL OF ~ ISLAMIC EMPIRE / ISLAMIC EMPIRE GOVT :
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*ALLAH AND MUHAMAD (ARABIC WORDS) ~ WRITTEN BY CALIGRAPHY DESIGN :
*FOOTPRINTS OF THE HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (SAW) PBUH :
*FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM :
*FOR ADDITIONAL INFO ABOUT FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM VISIT THE SHARED WEBLINK BELOW :
*OUR COPYRIGHT RECORD OF ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRE '' :
*DIFFERENT ROYAL ADMINISTRATIONS OF ~KING OF KINGS (THE EMPEROR) BASED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS :
*ADDITIONAL SPIRITUAL CROWNS OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) :
*DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAWS THAT PROTECTS THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SOVEREIGN EMPEROR (KING OF KINGS) & HIS MONARCHY & SOVEREIGN ROYAL HOUSES WORLDWIDE IN ALL CONTINENTS :
*TWLF IGO GOVERNOR GENERAL (KING OF KINGS / THE EMPEROR) HAS BEEN MEANWHILE OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED AS THE MOST EDUCATED PERSON ON EARTH :
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*After the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W (PBUH) passed away in 632 CE, several of his descendants (through his daughter Fatimah and son-in-law/cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib) played significant roles in Islamic history. Here is a list of key rulers among his progeny who became prominent leaders, particularly in the context of Islamic dynasties and leadership.
THE KING OF KINGS (THE EMEPROR ) DOESN'T BELIEVE IN DIVISION IN IN ISLAM.
THE EMPEROR SEE DIVISION AS DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES / TEACHINGS BY DIFFERENT
IMAM / SPIRITUAL LEADERS THOSE WHO HAVE TEACH AND LEAD BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT OPINIONS THAT DIFFEREED FROM OTHER RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS.
BELOW YOU WILL SEE THE TERM SHIA MEANS SHIFAT E ALI OR FOLLOWER OF CALIPH ALI (RA) AGAIN IF YOU SEE SUNNI MUSLIM MEANS FOLLOWING SUNNAH OF THE HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD SAW PBUH . THE CORE TEACHINGS ARE SAME AMONG ALL ISLAMIC DIVISIONS ONLY DIFFERENTIATE DUE TO DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF HADIS (TEACHINGS OF THE HOLY PROPHET) BASED ON DIFFERENT SCHOLARS OPINION OR THEIR LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING WHICH THEY THOUGHT WAS CORRECT .
1. Hasan ibn Ali (625–670 CE)
Title: The 2nd Imam (according to Shia Islam), Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate (661–661 CE)
Relation: Grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib
Rule: After the assassination of his father, Ali, in 661 CE, Hasan briefly became the Caliph. However, he abdicated in favor of Muawiyah I to prevent further conflict within the Muslim community.
2. Husayn ibn Ali (626–680 CE)
Title: The 3rd Imam (according to Shia Islam)
Relation: Grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib
Rule: While Husayn did not rule as a caliph, his resistance to the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I culminated in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, where he was martyred. His stand against Yazid made him a symbol of resistance and righteousness in Islamic history, particularly in Shia tradition.
3. Ali Zayn al-Abidin (659–713 CE)
Title: The 4th Imam (according to Shia Islam)
Relation: Great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Husayn ibn Ali
Rule: While not a political ruler in the traditional sense, he was a spiritual leader for the Shia community and a key figure in the survival of the Prophet’s lineage after the tragedy of Karbala.
4. Muhammad al-Baqir (677–733 CE)
Title: The 5th Imam (according to Shia Islam)
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Ali Zayn al-Abidin
Rule: Muhammad al-Baqir continued the spiritual leadership of the Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet's family), focusing on scholarship and the preservation of Islamic teachings.
5. Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765 CE)
Title: The 6th Imam (according to Shia Islam)
Relation: Great-great-great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Muhammad al-Baqir
Rule: While Ja'far al-Sadiq was not a political ruler, he was an influential Islamic scholar whose teachings significantly impacted both Sunni and Shia schools of thought. He played a key role in preserving the religious and intellectual legacy of the Ahl al-Bayt.
6. Isma'il ibn Ja'far (721–755 CE)
Title: Claimed as the 7th Imam by the Ismaili Shia
Relation: Great-great-great-great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), son of Ja'far al-Sadiq
Rule: Isma'il did not rule directly, but his followers, the Ismailis, eventually founded the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa.
7. Fatimid Caliphs (909–1171 CE)
Rulers: The Fatimid Caliphs were descendants of Fatimah (daughter of Prophet Muhammad) through the Ismaili line.
Key Caliphs:
Al-Mahdi Billah (r. 909–934 CE) – Founder of the Fatimid Caliphate
Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975 CE) – Under whom the Fatimid Caliphate expanded significantly, including the founding of Cairo in Egypt.
Importance: The Fatimid Caliphate ruled a vast empire that included parts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Levant. They established Cairo as their capital and became a major political and religious power in the Muslim world.
8. Idris I of Morocco (745–791 CE)
Title: Founder of the Idrisid Dynasty
Relation: Great-great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through Hasan ibn Ali
Rule: Idris I fled the Abbasid Caliphate after the Battle of Fakhkh and founded the Idrisid Dynasty in Morocco. His dynasty ruled large parts of North Africa from 788 to 974 CE.
9. Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya (d. 762 CE)
Title: Leader of the Abbasid-era revolt against the Umayyads and Abbasids
Relation: Descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Importance: Though he did not establish a lasting rule, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya led a revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate, seeking to restore the rule of the Prophet's descendants.
10. Zaidis of Yemen (9th Century – Present)
Title: Various Imams and rulers in Yemen
Relation: The Zaidis are descendants of Zayd ibn Ali, a great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through Husayn ibn Ali.
Rule: Zaidis established a significant presence in Yemen, with various imams and rulers claiming descent from the Prophet’s family. The Zaidi imamate continued in various forms up until the 20th century.
11. Sharifian Dynasties (Morocco)
Title: Rulers of Morocco, including the current ruling Alaouite Dynasty
Relation: The Sharifs claim direct descent from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through Hasan ibn Ali.
Rule: The Alaouite dynasty has ruled Morocco since the 17th century, and its current ruler, King Mohammed VI, continues to claim lineage from the Prophet.
*Key Dynasties from the Descendants of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) :
Fatimid Caliphate (Ismaili Shia line, 909–1171 CE)
Idrisid Dynasty (Descendants of Hasan ibn Ali, Morocco, 788–974 CE)
Zaidi Imamate of Yemen (Descendants of Zayd ibn Ali, 9th century – present)
Alaouite Dynasty (Current rulers of Morocco, descendants of Hasan ibn Ali)
These figures and dynasties played a significant role in the political and religious history of the Muslim world, with their descent from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) being a central aspect of their legitimacy and authority.
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*The construction of castles as we know them—large, fortified stone structures—was not a major feature of the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), his ancestors, or his immediate progeny. During the early Islamic period, fortifications and military structures were generally simpler and less grand than the medieval castles built centuries later in Europe and other parts of the world. However, some fortified structures and significant buildings were built or expanded by the Prophet’s family, descendants, or associated with their legacy. Below is a list of significant structures related to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) or his progeny, which can be considered fortifications or important buildings.
1. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque)
Location: Medina, Saudi Arabia
Builder: Originally built by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 622 CE
Importance: While not a castle, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is one of the holiest sites in Islam. It was originally a simple structure that also served as a center of governance and refuge in times of conflict. Over time, it was expanded by various rulers into the large, fortified structure we see today.
2. Khaybar Fort
Location: Khaybar, Saudi Arabia
Builder: Pre-Islamic fort; later associated with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Importance: Khaybar was a well-known Jewish stronghold during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The Prophet's forces captured the fort during the Battle of Khaybar in 628 CE. Though not built by the Prophet, its capture was a significant event during his lifetime.
3. Banu Qaynuqa Fortress
Location: Medina, Saudi Arabia
Builder: The Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa, before the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Importance: This fortification was in Medina and was used by the Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa. After tensions arose between the Banu Qaynuqa and the Muslim community, the tribe was expelled from Medina, and the fort became part of the city’s defense structure.
4. Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
Location: Karbala, Iraq
Builder: Constructed in 775 CE during the Abbasid Caliphate
Importance: While not built by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) or his direct descendants, the Abbasid Caliphs, who were descendants of his uncle Al-Abbas, built this massive fortress during their rule. The fortress is an example of early Islamic military architecture.
5. Qusayr Amra
Location: Jordan
Builder: Built by the Umayyad Caliph Walid I (descendant of the Prophet's tribe, the Quraysh)
Importance: This desert castle is one of the most famous of the Umayyad period and a UNESCO World Heritage site. While it was not built by the direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), it reflects the architectural achievements of early Islamic rulers.
6. Citadel of Aleppo
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Builder: Fortified during the early Islamic period and expanded by various Islamic dynasties, including descendants of the Prophet.
Importance: While the citadel has pre-Islamic origins, it was used and expanded by various Muslim rulers, including those from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The Ayyubids, descended from the Prophet’s family, were also involved in its expansion.
7. Fatimid Palaces (Cairo, Egypt)
Location: Cairo, Egypt
Builder: Fatimid Caliphs, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through his daughter Fatimah
Importance: The Fatimids, a Shia dynasty that claimed direct descent from the Prophet, built several grand palaces and fortifications in Cairo after founding the city in 969 CE. The Fatimids were known for their architectural and cultural achievements.
8. Alamut Castle
Location: Alamut, Iran
Builder: Originally built by a Daylamite ruler but became the stronghold of the Nizari Ismaili Shia, a branch of Islam descending from the progeny of the Prophet
Importance: The descendants of the Prophet through the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam used this as a center for their resistance against the Abbasids and Seljuks. Alamut became famously associated with the Nizari Ismailis and their leader, Hassan-i Sabbah.
9. Saqifat Bani Sa'ida
Location: Medina, Saudi Arabia
Builder: Not a castle, but a significant building for early Islam
Importance: This was the site where the first caliph, Abu Bakr, was chosen shortly after Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) death. While not a fortress or castle, it was a significant meeting place for early Islamic governance.
10. The Palaces of the Abbasid Caliphs (Baghdad, Iraq)
Location: Baghdad, Iraq
Builder: Abbasid Caliphs (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, Al-Abbas)
Importance: The Abbasid Caliphs built grand palaces and fortifications in Baghdad, which served as the capital of the Islamic world for centuries. These buildings symbolized the political and military power of the descendants of the Prophet’s family.
11. Hassan Tower
Location: Rabat, Morocco
Builder: Commissioned by Sultan Yacoub al-Mansour, an Almohad ruler who claimed lineage from the Prophet
Importance: While not a castle, this was intended to be the largest mosque in the world. The Almohads, like many other Islamic rulers, claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad and built significant structures as part of their legacy.
*Summary :
Castles in the medieval European sense were not common during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) or his immediate descendants. However, various fortifications, palaces, and religious structures were associated with or built by his progeny and later dynasties claiming descent from him, such as the Abbasids, Fatimids, and Ismailis. Many of these structures played significant roles in the political and military history of the Islamic world.
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*During the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his progenies, the development of currency evolved significantly. The early Islamic period saw the adoption of existing coinage systems and the gradual introduction of distinct Islamic coins. Here's a brief overview of currencies that were used or launched during the Prophet's time and by his progenies :
1. Dirham and Dinar in the Time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Type: Silver Dirham and Gold Dinar
Era: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not mint new currency but used existing coins from neighboring empires (Byzantine and Sassanian).
Details:
The dinar was a gold coin used by the Byzantine Empire.
The dirham was a silver coin used by the Sassanian Empire (Persia).
These coins were accepted for trade and transactions, with little to no alterations to their design during the Prophet's time. The Muslim community initially used these coins in their economic activities.
Significance: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not mint a distinct Islamic coin, but he emphasized the importance of fair trade, honest weights, and measures in transactions.
2. The Rashidun Caliphate Coinage (632–661 CE)
Rulers: The Rightly Guided Caliphs, including Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib (progeny of the Prophet).
Type: Dirhams and Dinars
Details:
The Rashidun Caliphate continued using the existing Byzantine and Sassanian coins but began adding Arabic inscriptions to them, particularly religious phrases like “Bismillah” (In the name of Allah) or “La ilaha illallah” (There is no god but Allah).
These modifications represented the growing Islamic influence while retaining the original coin designs and weight standards.
The Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab is credited with initiating the idea of introducing Islamic elements into coinage, though no fully distinct Islamic coins were minted during the Rashidun period.
3. Umayyad Caliphate Coinage (661–750 CE)
Rulers: Descendants of the Quraysh tribe (same tribe as Prophet Muhammad), including Muawiyah I and his successors.
Type: Gold Dinar and Silver Dirham
Details:
The Umayyads introduced the first distinctly Islamic coinage under Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in 696–697 CE. These coins were a significant departure from Byzantine and Sassanian models.
The gold dinar and silver dirham were minted with purely Islamic designs. They featured Arabic calligraphy with phrases like the Shahada (La ilaha illallah, Muhammadur Rasoolullah) and verses from the Qur'an, rather than images of rulers or deities.
The Umayyad coinage is considered the first truly Islamic currency, as it reflected Islamic monotheism and rejected the use of human or animal images.
Significance: Abd al-Malik’s coinage reform established a standard for Islamic currency, which would influence future Islamic dynasties.
4. Abbasid Caliphate Coinage (750–1258 CE)
Rulers: The Abbasids, descendants of Al-Abbas, an uncle of Prophet Muhammad.
Type: Gold Dinar, Silver Dirham
Details:
The Abbasid Caliphs, beginning with Al-Saffah and Al-Mansur, continued the practice of minting dinars and dirhams with Arabic inscriptions and religious verses.
Abbasid coins maintained the weight and purity standards established by the Umayyads but introduced new designs, sometimes reflecting the names of individual Caliphs or regional governors.
Caliph Al-Mansur (r. 754–775 CE) and later Abbasids emphasized the centralization of minting, ensuring consistent quality and circulation of Islamic coinage across the vast empire.
The Abbasid dinar and dirham became widely recognized throughout the Muslim world and beyond due to the Abbasid Empire's vast trade networks.
5. Fatimid Caliphate Coinage (909–1171 CE)
Rulers: The Fatimids, descendants of Fatimah, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), through the Ismaili Shia line.
Type: Gold Dinar, Silver Dirham, Copper Fals
Details:
The Fatimid Caliphate minted gold dinars that were known for their purity and intricate inscriptions.
Fatimid coins often bore the name of the reigning Caliph and sometimes mentioned the title of the "Imam."
The Fatimids expanded their influence across North Africa, Egypt, and parts of the Levant, making their currency widespread.
Fatimid coins were often beautifully inscribed and used extensively in trade. They sometimes included references to the Ismaili interpretation of Islam and emphasized the Fatimids' role as both spiritual and temporal leaders.
Significance: Fatimid dinars were highly valued, especially for trade between the Islamic world and Mediterranean regions.
6. Idrisid Dynasty Coinage (788–974 CE)
Rulers: The Idrisids, descendants of Hasan ibn Ali (the grandson of Prophet Muhammad).
Type: Gold Dinar, Silver Dirham
Details:
The Idrisid dynasty, founded by Idris I in Morocco, minted their own coins, which followed the early Islamic tradition of using Arabic inscriptions and religious phrases.
The Idrisid coins were important for North African trade, and they emphasized the legitimacy of the Idrisid rule by tracing their descent from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
These coins helped solidify the Idrisid presence in North Africa, particularly in Morocco, where they played a central role in local and international trade.
7. Alawite Dynasty Coinage (Current Ruling Family of Morocco)
Rulers: The Alawites, descendants of Hasan ibn Ali (through the Sharifian line).
Type: Gold and Silver Coins
Details:
The Alawite dynasty, which still rules Morocco today, continued the Islamic tradition of minting coins with Arabic calligraphy and religious verses.
Their coins reflect the long-standing Sharifian claim to descend from Prophet Muhammad and are used in modern Morocco.
8. Zaidi Imamate Coinage (Yemen, 9th Century – 1962)
Rulers: The Zaidis, descendants of Zayd ibn Ali, a great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Type: Silver Dirhams, Copper Coins
Details:
The Zaidi Imams in Yemen minted their own coins for local use.
These coins often featured simple inscriptions and religious phrases, in line with the Islamic tradition of emphasizing monotheism.
Zaidis were prominent in Yemen, and their coinage was used in the region for centuries.
*Summary of Key Currencies :
Pre-Islamic Dinar and Dirham: Used during the Prophet Muhammad’s time but not modified significantly.
Umayyad Dinar (696 CE): First distinct Islamic coin, marked by Arabic inscriptions and Qur'anic verses.
Abbasid Dinar and Dirham: Continued and refined the Umayyad tradition, ensuring consistency across the empire.
Fatimid Dinar: Known for its purity and importance in trade, minted by descendants of the Prophet.
Idrisid and Zaidi Coins: Used in Morocco and Yemen by dynasties claiming descent from the Prophet, following the traditional Islamic coinage model.
Each dynasty or caliphate that descended from or was related to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) minted coins that emphasized their religious legitimacy and political authority. These coins were integral to Islamic governance and trade throughout history.
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*The Islamic Empire (or Caliphate) and its various successor states introduced several important currencies that evolved over time, as the empire expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, parts of Europe, and Asia. These currencies often blended existing monetary traditions with Islamic principles, creating a diverse array of coins that were used internationally.
Here’s a brief overview of the key currencies launched within the Islamic Empire and by various Muslim rulers over time :
1. Dinar (Gold)
Introduced: 7th century CE, under the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE).
First Minted by: Caliph Abd al-Malik (697 CE).
Usage: The dinar became the standard gold coin of the Islamic world, used widely across the Islamic Caliphate and beyond, especially in the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East.
Special Features: Early dinars bore Islamic inscriptions and Quranic verses, reflecting the religious identity of the state.
Legacy: The term dinar is still used in modern currencies such as the Jordanian Dinar and Algerian Dinar.
2. Dirham (Silver)
Introduced: 7th century CE, alongside the dinar, during the Umayyad period.
First Minted by: Umayyad Caliphate (circa 696 CE).
Usage: The dirham was the primary silver coin, used extensively across the Islamic world for smaller transactions compared to the dinar.
Special Features: Like the dinar, the dirham featured Islamic inscriptions and was used widely in trade, influencing the monetary systems of many regions under Islamic rule.
Legacy: The dirham continues to be used in modern currencies, such as the UAE Dirham and Moroccan Dirham.
3. Fals (Copper)
Introduced: 7th century CE, during the early Islamic Caliphate.
First Minted by: Umayyad Caliphate.
Usage: The fals was a copper coin used for everyday transactions, especially among the poorer segments of society.
Special Features: It was a low-denomination coin used mainly for small-scale commerce.
4. Abbasid Dinar and Dirham (Gold and Silver)
Introduced: 750 CE, during the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE).
Usage: Abbasid rulers continued the use of dinars and dirhams, but made the designs more elaborate and began standardizing the weight and purity of the coins.
Special Features: Abbasid coins were often inscribed with the names of the caliphs and Islamic prayers, and they were used across the empire, which stretched from North Africa to Central Asia.
5. Fatimid Dinar (Gold)
Introduced: 10th century CE, by the Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171 CE) in North Africa and Egypt.
Usage: The Fatimid Dinar was used for high-value transactions in North Africa, Egypt, and parts of the Mediterranean.
Special Features: Fatimid coins were known for their high purity and featured the titles of the Fatimid caliphs.
6. Almoravid Dinar (Gold)
Introduced: 11th century CE, by the Almoravid dynasty in North Africa and Spain.
Usage: The Almoravid Dinar became a powerful currency used for trade across the Mediterranean and was highly valued for its purity.
Special Features: Almoravid dinars were influential in the development of gold coinage in medieval Europe and were widely used in trade between Europe and North Africa.
7. Ayyubid Dinar (Gold)
Introduced: 12th century CE, by the Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260 CE), founded by Salah al-Din (Saladin).
Usage: Used in Egypt and Syria, particularly during the Crusades.
Special Features: These dinars were used for trade and had significant influence in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly during the conflicts between Muslim rulers and European Crusaders.
8. Mamluk Dinar (Gold) and Dirham (Silver)
Introduced: 13th century CE, by the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria (1250–1517 CE).
Usage: The Mamluk Dinar and Dirham were crucial for trade in Egypt, the Levant, and beyond.
Special Features: The Mamluks issued a variety of gold and silver coins, often inscribed with the titles of sultans and Quranic verses. These coins were highly influential in trade between the Islamic world and Europe.
9. Ottoman Akçe (Silver)
Introduced: 14th century CE, under the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922 CE).
Usage: The akçe was the standard silver coin of the Ottoman Empire and was widely circulated across Ottoman-controlled territories in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Special Features: The akçe was minted in vast quantities and served as the foundation of the Ottoman monetary system for several centuries.
Legacy: The kurush and the lira eventually replaced the akçe as the main Ottoman currencies.
10. Ottoman Kurush (Silver and Copper)
Introduced: 17th century CE, during the later Ottoman Empire.
Usage: The kurush (or piastre) was a silver coin introduced to reform the Ottoman monetary system, used alongside gold and copper coins.
Special Features: It was a larger denomination coin than the akçe and was part of the gradual modernization of the Ottoman currency system.
Legacy: The kurush eventually gave way to the Ottoman lira in the 19th century, which continued into the early 20th century.
11. Mughal Rupee (Silver)
Introduced: 16th century CE, by the Mughal Empire in India.
First Minted by: Emperor Sher Shah Suri (circa 1540–1545 CE), standardized by the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556–1605 CE).
Usage: The rupee became the standard silver coin in the Indian subcontinent and was adopted by subsequent Muslim dynasties.
Special Features: The Mughal rupee had a standard weight and purity, which made it widely accepted in international trade, especially between the Mughal Empire, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
Legacy: The rupee became the basis of the modern currencies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and several other South Asian countries.
12. Safavid Abbasi (Silver)
Introduced: 17th century CE, by the Safavid Empire (1501–1736 CE) in Persia.
Usage: The abbasi was a silver coin used in Persia (modern-day Iran) during the Safavid period.
Special Features: Named after Shah Abbas I, this coin became widely used in trade with India, the Ottoman Empire, and the Silk Road regions.
13. Abbasid Gold Dinar (Revival by Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo)
Introduced: 13th century CE, by the Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517 CE).
Usage: Used in Egypt and the Levant, where a revived Abbasid Caliphate was established under the Mamluks.
Special Features: The revived dinar helped maintain the symbolic authority of the Abbasid caliphate during its final centuries, even though its political power was limited.
*Summary of Islamic Empire Currencies :
Dinar (Gold): Used across the Islamic world, from the Umayyads to the Ottomans.
Dirham (Silver): A silver coin circulating widely from the early Caliphates.
Fals (Copper): A low-value coin for everyday transactions.
Almoravid Dinar: Famous for its purity, used in North Africa and Spain.
Ayyubid Dinar: Issued during the time of the Crusades.
Mamluk Dinar and Dirham: Important coins for trade in Egypt and Syria.
Ottoman Akçe: The main Ottoman silver coin, used for centuries.
Mughal Rupee: Standardized by Akbar, the foundation of modern South Asian currencies.
Safavid Abbasi: A silver coin used in Persia for trade with the broader Islamic world.
These currencies facilitated trade, supported empires economically, and often held symbolic religious and political significance. Many of the terms, like dinar and dirham, continue to be used in modern currencies today.
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*Here’s a list of notable books on Islamic law (Shariah) that cover both national and international perspectives. This list includes classical, modern, and scholarly works on various branches of Islamic jurisprudence, law, and governance :
*A :
"Al-Hidayah" – By Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (Hanafi Fiqh) ;
"Al-Muwatta" – By Imam Malik (Maliki Fiqh) ;
"Al-Risalah" – By Imam Shafi’i (Shafi’i Fiqh) ;
*B :
"Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid" – By Ibn Rushd (Comparative Fiqh of four schools) ;
*C :
"Compendium of Islamic Laws" – Various authors focusing on modern adaptations ;
*D :
"Durr al-Mukhtar" – By Imam Haskafi (Hanafi Fiqh) ;
*F :
"Fiqh al-Sunnah" – By Sayyid Sabiq (Modern approach to Fiqh) ;
"Fiqh al-Zakat" – By Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Detailed work on Zakat) ;
*H :
"Hashiyat Ibn Abidin (Radd al-Muhtar)" – By Ibn Abidin (Hanafi Fiqh) ;
*I :
"Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law" – Edited by Anver Emon, Mark Ellis, and Benjamin Glahn ;
"Introduction to Islamic Law" – By Joseph Schacht ;
"Ibn Qudamah’s al-Mughni" – (Hanbali Fiqh) ;
*J :
"Jurisprudence and Islamic Rulings (Fiqh al-Ahkam)" – By Ibn Taymiyyah ;
*K :
"Kitab al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah"
– By Al-Mawardi (On governance and public law) ;
"Kitab al-Kharaj" – By Abu Yusuf (On fiscal policy and taxation) ;
*M :
"Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah" – Ottoman civil code (Islamic law in governance) ;
"Minhaj al-Talibin" – By Imam Nawawi (Shafi’i Fiqh) ;
*N :
"Nizam al-Mulk: Siyasat Nama" – By Nizam al-Mulk (Governance) ;
*Q :
"Qawa’id al-Fiqh" – By various scholars (Legal maxims of Islamic law) ;
*R :
"Reliance of the Traveller (Umdat al-Salik)" – By Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (Shafi’i Fiqh and modern translations) ;
*S :
"Sharia Law in Modern States" – By Mashood Baderin (Focus on national laws) ;
"Shariah and Islamic Law in Contemporary Constitutionalism" – By Aharon Layish ;
"Sharh Sahih Muslim" – By Imam Nawawi (Legal commentary on Hadith) ;
*T :
"Tuhfat al-Fuqaha" – By Ala’ al-Din al-Samarqandi (Hanafi jurisprudence) ;
"Taqrib al-Tahdhib" – By Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani ;
*U :
"Usul al-Fiqh" – By al-Shafi’i (Principles of Islamic jurisprudence) ;
*W :
"Women, Family, and Gender in Islamic Law" – By Judith Tucker ;
*Z :
"Zad al-Ma'ad" – By Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (Hanbali Fiqh, international law perspectives in the context of Islamic rulings) ;
These books provide a wide spectrum of Islamic law, covering jurisprudence, governance, comparative studies, and modern legal systems .
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*Here’s an A to Z list of notable books that compile and discuss the laws of various Islamic empires, covering topics such as Islamic jurisprudence, governance, and legal traditions throughout history :
*A :
"Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik" – By Malik ibn Anas (One of the earliest compendiums of Islamic law, compiled during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods) ;
"The Abbasid Caliphate: A Study in Islamic Law" – By Hugh Kennedy (Explores the legal structures and practices during the Abbasid period) ;
*B :
"The Book of Revenue: Kitab al-Amwal" – By Abu Ubayd (An early Islamic text on taxation and public finances in the Islamic empire) ;
"The Body of Islamic Law: Between Power and Fiqh" – By Wael B. Hallaq (A comprehensive study on the interaction of power and law in Islamic empires) ;
*C :
"The Caliphate and Islamic Governance" – By Patricia Crone (Discusses the laws and governance in the early Islamic caliphates) ;
"Comparative Islamic Law" – By David S. Powers (Analyzes the legal traditions of different Islamic empires, including the Abbasids and Ottomans) ;
*D :
"Divine Law and Governance in Islamic Empires" – By Ann K. Lambton (Explores the relationship between Islamic law and governance in different Islamic dynasties) ;
"The Development of Islamic Law and Society" – By Yasin Dutton (Examines the evolution of legal thought and institutions across Islamic empires) ;
*E :
"The Early Islamic Empires: Law and Power" – By Jonathan Berkey (Covers the legal and political development of early Islamic empires, particularly the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates) ;
"Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compilation of Legal Rulings" – By Laleh Bakhtiar (A reference guide on various Islamic legal issues across different eras and empires) ;
*F :
"Fiqh al-Sunnah" – By Sayyid Sabiq (A well-known compilation of Islamic law covering various aspects of life in the context of Sunni jurisprudence, influential in many Islamic empires) ;
"The Fatimids and Islamic Legal Traditions" – By Farhad Daftary (Focuses on the legal traditions and governance of the Fatimid Caliphate) ;
*G :
"The Governance of the Ottoman Empire" – By Colin Imber (Examines the legal and administrative systems in the Ottoman Empire) ;
"Ghazali’s Politics and Law in Islamic Empires" – By Sherif Abdel Azeem (Discusses the influence of Al-Ghazali on Islamic law and political thought) ;
*H :
"History of Islamic Law" – By N.J. Coulson (A foundational text on the development and history of Islamic law, spanning multiple empires) ;
"Hadith and Fiqh: Islamic Law in Practice" – By Jonathan Brown (Covers how hadith were applied in Islamic jurisprudence, affecting the legal systems of Islamic empires) ;
*I :
"Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Law and Society" – By Muhsin Mahdi (Discusses the legal and political theories of the famous Islamic historian and scholar) ;
"Islamic Law and Empire in Ottoman Cairo" – By James Baldwin (Explores how Islamic law functioned in the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Cairo) ;
*J :
"Justice and Governance in the Medieval Islamic World" – By Abbas Amanat (Covers the administration of justice and the role of legal systems in medieval Islamic empires) ;
"Jihad and the Law of War in Islamic Empires" – By Rudolph Peters (Focuses on how jihad and warfare were governed by Islamic law across various empires) ;
*K :
"Kitab al-Kharaj" – By Abu Yusuf (A key legal text on taxation and governance in the Abbasid Empire) ;
"Kingship and Law in the Mughal Empire" – By Muzaffar Alam (Explores the legal framework and governance of the Mughal Empire in India) ;
*L :
"The Law of Inheritance in Islam" – By Abdullah al-Mamun Suhrawardy (A comprehensive guide on Islamic inheritance laws, influential in Islamic empires) ;
"The Legal and Administrative Systems of the Umayyad Caliphate" – By Gerald R. Hawting (Discusses the legal frameworks of the Umayyad Caliphate) ;
*M :
"Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law" – By Jasser Auda (Explores the objectives of Islamic law as applied in various Islamic empires) ;
"The Mamluks and Islamic Legal Traditions" – By Ulrich Haarmann (Focuses on the Mamluk Sultanate's legal system and governance) ;
*N :
"Nomadic Empires and Islamic Law: The Seljuks and Mongols" – By David Morgan (Covers the legal traditions of nomadic Islamic empires like the Seljuks and Mongols) ;
"Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire: Islamic Legal Frameworks" – By Milka Levy-Rubin (Explores the legal status of non-Muslims under Islamic rule, especially in the Abbasid and Ottoman periods) ;
*O :
"Ottoman Law: Between Shariah and Kanun" – By Halil Inalcik (Explores how Ottoman legal systems balanced Islamic law with imperial edicts) ;
"The Origins of Islamic Law" – By Yasin Dutton (Discusses the early development of Islamic legal thought and its influence on empires) ;
*P :
"Power and Justice in Islamic Empires" – By Ann Lambton (Covers the relationship between power structures and legal traditions across Islamic empires) ;
"Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Empires" – By Roy P. Mottahedeh (Discusses the social and political roles of law in the governance of Islamic societies) ;
*Q :
"Qadis and their Courts: Islamic Law and Society" – By Nora Berend (Examines the role of Islamic judges, or qadis, in administering law across different empires) ;
"The Quranic Foundations of Islamic Law" – By Asghar Ali Engineer (Analyzes how Quranic principles were applied in the legal systems of various Islamic empires) ;
*R :
"The Rule of Law in the Islamic Caliphates" – By Andrew Marsham (Focuses on the legal principles governing early Islamic empires) ;
"Religious Law and Islamic Governance" – By Wael B. Hallaq (Discusses how Islamic law was used as a tool of governance in various Islamic empires) ;
*S :
"The Sharīʿa: History of Islamic Law" – By Norman Calder (Provides a historical overview of Shariah law, as it was implemented across different Islamic empires) ;
"Sovereignty, Law, and the Early Islamic State" – By Patricia Crone (Explores the role of Islamic law in early Islamic empires and its impact on sovereignty) ;
*T :
"Taxation and Law in the Islamic Empire" – By Fouad Al-Sayid (Discusses the legal aspects of taxation in various Islamic empires, particularly the Abbasids and Ottomans) ;
"The Ottoman Kanun: Law in the Ottoman Empire" – By Colin Imber (A detailed study on the legal edicts, or kanuns, that were in place alongside Shariah law) ;
*U :
"Understanding Islamic Law" – By Hisham M. Ramadan (A modern analysis of Islamic law as it was applied in various historical Islamic empires) ;
"The Umayyads and Islamic Legal Tradition" – By Andrew Marsham (Explores the development of law under the Umayyad Caliphate) ;
*V :
"Visions of Justice: Shariah and Courts in the Ottoman Empire" – By Avi Rubin (A study of how Islamic law was applied in the Ottoman judicial system) ;
"Violence and Law in Early Islamic Empires" – By Ella Landau-Tasseron (Focuses on the relationship between law, justice, and violence in the early Islamic caliphates) ;
*W :
"Women, Law, and Empire in the Islamic World" – By Judith Tucker (Covers the legal status and rights of women in various Islamic empires) ;
"War and Law in the Islamic Empire" – By Khaled Abou El Fadl (Explores the legal regulation of warfare in Islamic empires, particularly during the Abbasid and Ottoman periods) ;
*X :
"Xenophon and Islamic Legal Traditions" – By Dimitri Gutas (Discusses the transmission of Greek legal thought into Islamic jurisprudence) ;
*Y :
"Yemen and Islamic Legal Development" – By Brinkley Messick (Explores the unique legal traditions of Yemen under Islamic rule, part of a broader study of Islamic legal systems) ;
*Z :
"Zaydi Law and Its Influence on Islamic Empires" – By Sabine Schmidtke (Focuses on Zaydi legal traditions and their impact on various Islamic empires) ;
This list includes key works covering various aspects of Islamic law and its implementation across the Islamic empires, including the Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires.
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*Here’s an A to Z list of notable books that compile ~ ''Sahih Hadith '' (authentic sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad). These collections are crucial to Islamic teachings and jurisprudence :
*A :
"Al-Adab al-Mufrad" – By Imam Bukhari (A collection focusing on the moral and ethical teachings of Islam through hadith.) ;
"Al-Ahadith al-Qudsiya" – By Various Compilers (A compilation of sacred hadith where the Prophet Muhammad narrates words from Allah.) ;
*B :
"Sahih al-Bukhari" – By Imam Bukhari (The most authentic collection of hadith, organized by topics and widely regarded in the Muslim world.) ;
"Bulugh al-Maram" – By Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (A compilation of hadith dealing with legal rulings, sourced from various collections.) ;
*C :
"The Complete Book of Hadith: 500 Authentic Hadiths" – By Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (A collection of authentic hadith, selected for their relevance and reliability.) ;
*D :
"Dala'il al-Nubuwwah" – By Al-Bayhaqi (A collection of hadith that highlight the Prophet's prophethood and miracles.) ;
*E :
"Evidences for the Truth of Prophethood" – By Various Compilers (Includes authentic hadith supporting the legitimacy of the Prophet Muhammad's message.) ;
*F :
"Fiqh al-Sunnah" – By Sayyid Sabiq (Although primarily a jurisprudential text, it incorporates many authentic hadith relevant to Islamic law.) ;
"Fadha'il al-A'mal" – By Sheikh Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi (A collection of hadith highlighting the merits of good deeds and virtuous acts.) ;
*G :
"Ghazali's Niche of Lights" – By Al-Ghazali (Includes hadith as part of his work on spirituality and ethics in Islam.) ;
*H :
"Sahih Muslim" – By Imam Muslim (The second most authentic collection of hadith, widely accepted in the Muslim community.) ;
"Hadith: The True History" – By David S. Powers (Explores the history of hadith collection and the significance of authentic narrations.) ;
*I :
"Ihya Ulum al-Din" – By Al-Ghazali (A comprehensive work that includes numerous authentic hadith related to Islamic spirituality and ethics.) ;
"Ibn Majah" – By Ibn Majah (One of the six canonical collections of hadith, though it includes some weak narrations, it has many authentic ones as well.) ;
*J :
"Jami` at-Tirmidhi" – By Imam Tirmidhi (Another major collection of hadith, classified by chapter, that includes a discussion on the authenticity of narrations.) ;
*K :
"Kanz al-Ummal" – By Ali ibn Husam al-Din al-Hindi (A large compilation of hadith with a focus on ethics, social conduct, and community values.) ;
"Kitab al-Tawheed" – By Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (Contains authentic hadith focused on monotheism and the importance of Tawheed.) ;
*L :
"Lisan al-Mizan" – By Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (While primarily a work on hadith criticism, it evaluates the authenticity of many narrations.) ;
*M :
"Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal" – By Ahmad ibn Hanbal (A vast collection of hadith that includes many authentic narrations from the Prophet Muhammad.) ;
"Mishkat al-Masabih" – By Al-Khatib al-Tabrizi (A comprehensive collection that combines the most authentic hadith from other collections with a focus on ethics and jurisprudence.) ;
*N :
"Nawawi's 40 Hadith" – By Imam Nawawi (A well-known compilation of 40 essential hadith that cover core Islamic teachings.) ;
"Nuzhat al-Majalis wa Madkhal al-Mahalis" – By Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (Includes authentic hadith in discussions of various themes.) ;
*O :
"One Hundred and Fifty Authentic Hadiths" – By Abu Ibrahim (A collection designed for ease of understanding and application of Islamic teachings.) ;
*P :
"Prophetic Traditions in Islam" – By Muhammad A. El-Fatih (Focuses on the significance of hadith in Islamic thought and practice.) :
*Q :
"Qisas al-Anbiya" – By Ibn Kathir (Though primarily a historical work, it includes numerous authentic hadith related to the stories of the prophets.) ;
*R :
"Riyad as-Salihin" – By Imam Nawawi (A collection of hadith focusing on righteousness and good character, organized into chapters.) ;
*S :
"Sunan Abi Dawood" – By Abu Dawood (A significant collection of hadith, particularly concerning legal rulings and practices.) ;
"Sunan al-Nasa'i" – By Al-Nasa'i (Another key collection of hadith, organized thematically, focusing on various aspects of Islamic law and practice.) ;
*T :
"Tafsir al-Jalalayn" – By Jalal ad-Din al-Mahalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti (Includes hadith related to the interpretation of Quranic verses.) ;
"Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi" – By Al-Mubarakpuri (A commentary on the Jami` at-Tirmidhi that includes discussions on the authenticity of hadith.) ;
*U :
"Umdat al-Qari" – By Al-Aini (A commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari that includes many discussions of the hadith and their applications.) ;
*V :
"Verifiable Hadith: The Science of Authentication" – By Muhammad Al-Ashqar (A guide to understanding how hadith are authenticated.) ;
*W :
"Wasa'il al-Shi'a" – By Sheikh Al-Hurr al-Amili (Includes authentic hadith relevant to Shia jurisprudence and theology.) ;
*X :
"The Xenophobe's Guide to Islam" – By Kenneth E. F. Smith (Though not a traditional hadith compilation, it includes references to significant hadith to counter common misconceptions.)
*Y :
"Your Guide to Islamic Hadith" – By Various Authors (An introductory text that discusses the significance and methodology of hadith collection.)
*Z :
"Zad al-Ma'ad" – By Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya (A comprehensive guide to the Prophet’s practices and sayings, rich with authentic hadith.)
This list includes major compilations and significant works relating to ~
''Sahih Hadith '', addressing various themes, jurisprudential aspects, and ethical teachings .
*'' Hossain '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Have Deep Historical Records Across Various Regions :
*'' Chowdhury '' ~ Dynasty (Royal Dynasty) And Its Variants Historical Records Info Across Various Regions :
*ON BEHALF OF ~ '' ISLAMIC EMPIRE '' THE EMPEROR LAUNCHING ~ ''CIRCULAR ECONOMY'' & '' HALAL BUSINESS POLICY ''~ TO UPLIFT MUSLIMS GLOBALLY :
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